![]() ![]() Digitised infrastructures offer opportunities for public and private organisations to design and deliver more customer-centric products or services, particularly for those that require geographical proximity with consumers in the online to offline (O2O) context. The integration of urban infrastructures with information and communication technologies enables the development of new operations models. The notion of smart cities is growing in prominence in the digital economy. In that sense, lacking the social intelligence, cultural artifacts, and environmental attributes, which are needed for the ICT-related urban innovation that such research champions. For while the bibliometric analysis indicates that smart cities are emerging as a fast-growing topic of scientific enquiry, much of the knowledge that is generated about them is singularly technological in nature. Divided along such paths, the future development of this new and promising field of research risks being undermined. The second path, instead, stands on the gray literature produced by the American business community and relates to a techno-centric understanding of the subject. The first one is based on the peer-reviewed publications produced by European universities, which support a holistic perspective on smart cities. The analysis shows that smart-city research is fragmented and lacks cohesion, and its growth follows two main development paths. This paper reports on the first two decades of research on smart cities by conducting a bibliometric analysis of the literature published between 19. The emphasis is on moving towards stressing the relevance of their 'circular' relation with their physical counterparts. There clearly is a further refinement in this approach to construct a typology of virtual cities. The value of Firmino's perspective is to be found in the will and ability to synthesise several theoretical positions. In order to go beyond the dominating hype and speculation on the scope and value of virtual cities, a few attempts at classifying urban information systems and strategies have been made. Websites with an 'urban' flavour, as well as more proper civic information systems were often defined as new spaces called 'digital cities', and the shaping of these has gradually become one of the hot topics within the debate on telecommunications and the city. Cities looked like the ideal arena where this revolution would test and show itself, changing economic development, services, and above all community life. Economy seemed to be destined to follow an inevitable e-trajectory altogether, and many commentators seemed to suggest that the new frontier of cyberspace was quickly going to provide solutions overcoming most spatial and social problems. interaction technology that enables the virtual use of the spaces.” Some of the out-of-this-world features of the Zaha Hadid Architects’ metaverse include hovering rooftops, enormous interiors with no need to consider energy efficiency, and auditoriums that can expand and shrink based on the number of users in them.In the mid 1990s a widespread interest towards all 'digital' – and mainly Internet-based – things started growing. “Metaverse provided their innovative and proprietary V.R. ![]() “The main thrust of the design is to utilize the congeniality of our architecture with the user experience, and adapt our design ethos and methods to address the specific opportunities and constraints offered by the virtual realm,” Schumacher says. Unlike those real structures, though, the ones the firm is designing for the metaverse are even more creative, which makes sense considering there are hardly any limitations when it comes to the freedoms of virtual reality. It’s as otherworldly as it is realistic, with architectural forms that the renowned firm has already built. Schumacher, however, has managed to tie both worlds together through Zaha Hadid Architects’ Liberland metaverse, which he adamantly urges is neither a video game nor a fantasy land. The city hall is clearly informed by structures that the architecture firm has built around the world, including the Heydar Aliyev Centre in Baku, Azerbaijan.
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